COVID-19 Research Guide: Post-acute Covid Syndrome (PACS or Long COVID)

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, UK, updated January 2024

Mayo Clinic, patient education

American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

BMJ Practice Pointer, September 22, 2022

These groups are meant to be a safe space where participants suffering from Long COVID can get evidence-based integrative medicine advice/information.

DynaMed

NCBI, March 2024

CDC

WHO

HHS.gov Civil Rights

The HHS Health+ ("Health plus") program uses human-centered design to co-create patient-centered solutions with people—not for people—impacted by the most pressing healthcare challenges. The goal is to improve U.S. government programs to better support and serve those affected.

Government services and support, long Covid as a disability, living with long Covid. Archived copy via archive.org.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2024. A consensus definition for Long COVID for policymakers, researchers, public health professionals, clinicians, support services, and patients.

Fact sheets and resources for getting help in Virginia.

August 2022 report. Archived copy via archive.org.

CDC, updated September 2025

"RECOVER...seeks to identify how people recuperate from COVID-19 and who is at risk for developing post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC)." Studies, protocols, data and clinical trials.

ClinicalTrials.gov

National Center for Health Statistics; site archived 2/4/2025.

Peter RS, Nieters A, Göpel S, Merle U, Steinacker JM, Deibert P, et al. (2025) Persistent symptoms and clinical findings in adults with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19/post-COVID-19 syndrome in the second year after acute infection: A population-based, nested case-control study. PLoS Med 22(1): e1004511.

Alexandra F Dalton, Sarah Baca, Julia Raykin, Cria O Gregory, Tegan Boehmer, Emilia H Koumans, Priti R Patel, Pragna Patel, Sharon Saydah, Risk of Post-COVID-19 Conditions Among Adolescents and Adults Who Received Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir for Acute COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study, Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Volume 12, Issue 10, October 2025

Wisk LE, L’Hommedieu M, Diaz Roldan K, et al. Variability in Long COVID Definitions and Validation of Published Prevalence Rates. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(8):e2526506. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.26506

Yan, D., Liu, Y., Chen, R. et al. Follow-up of long COVID based on the definition of WHO: a multi-centre cross-sectional questionnaire-based study. BMC Public Health 25, 1412 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22671-x

Greenhalgh, T., Sivan, M., Perlowski, A., & Nikolich, J. Ž. (2024). Long COVID: a clinical update. The Lancet (British Edition), 404(10453), 707–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01136-X

Constantinidou F, Sander A, Bergquist T, Zimmerman AS, Kingsley K. Strategies to Manage the Thinking and Emotional Difficulties of Long COVID: A Guide for Patients and Families. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2024 Sep;105(9):1809-1812. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2023.09.014. Epub 2023 Oct 31. PMID: 37906246.

Al-Aly, Z., Davis, H., McCorkell, L., Soares, L., Wulf-Hanson, S., Iwasaki, A., & Topol, E. J. (2024). Long COVID science, research and policy. Nature Medicine, 30(8), 2148–2164. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-03173-6

Ford ND, Agedew A, Dalton AF, Singleton J, Perrine CG, Saydah S. Notes from the Field: Long COVID Prevalence Among Adults — United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024;73:135–136. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7306a4.

Bramante CT, Buse JB, Liebovitz DM, et al. Outpatient treatment of COVID-19 and incidence of post-COVID-19 condition over 10 months (COVID-OUT): a multicentre, randomised, quadruple-blind, parallel-group, phase 3 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023 Jun 8:S1473-3099(23)00299-2. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00299-2.

Thaweethai T, Jolley SE, Karlson EW, et al. Development of a Definition of Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JAMA. Published online May 25, 2023. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.8823

Davis, H. E., McCorkell, L., Vogel, J. M., & Topol, E. J. (2023). Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nature Reviews. Microbiology, 21(3), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2

Nalbandian, A., Sehgal, K., Gupta, A., Madhavan, M. V., McGroder, C., Stevens, J. S., Cook, J. R., Nordvig, A. S., Shalev, D., Sehrawat, T. S., Ahluwalia, N., Bikdeli, B., Dietz, D., Der-Nigoghossian, C., Liyanage-Don, N., Rosner, G. F., Bernstein, E. J., Mohan, S., Beckley, A. A., … Wan, E. Y. (2021). Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nature Medicine, 27(4), 601–615. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z